Relationship between Formula Milk and the Incidence Obesity in Children Under Five: Meta-Analysis
Abstract
Background: Obesity is a nutritional disorder that most often occurs in children. Obesity is associated with worse health outcomes in children, including asthma and sleep apnea. This study aimed to examine the relationship between formula feeding and obesity in children under five.
Subjects and Method: This was a meta-analysis study conducted by systematically reviewing articles from PubMed, Science Direct, Springer Link, and Google Scholar. The articles used in this research are articles that have been published from 2008-2016. The search for articles was carried out by considering the eligibility criteria using the PICO model, P: toddlers, I: formula feeding, C: breastfeeding, O: obesity. The key words for finding articles were as follows: "OR" Formula milk "OR" Infant Formula") AND" Breast Feeding "AND (Obesity OR" Body Mass Index"). The inclusion criteria used were full paper, used English, cohort and cross-sectional observational study design and the results reported were adjusted odds ratio. Articles were collected using PRISMA diagrams, and analyzed using the Review Manager 5.3 application.
Results: A total of 9 articles were conducted meta-analysis in this study with a sample size of 26,119. The results of the meta-analysis of the cohort study showed that formula feeding increased the incidence of obesity in children under five (aOR= 1.10; 95% CI= 0.78 to 1.56; p= 0.570). The results of the meta-analysis of cross-sectional studies showed that formula feeding increased the incidence of obesity in children under five (aOR= 1.25; 95% CI= 0.59 to 2.63; p= 0.560).
Conclusion: Formula feeding increases the incidence of obesity in children under five.
Keywords: Obesity, formula, toddlers, meta-analysis
Correspondence: Elma Yopiana. Masters Program in Public Health. Universitas Sebelas Maret, Jl. Ir. Sutami 36A, Surakarta 57126, Jawa Tengah, Indonesia. Email: elmayopiana@gmail.com.
Indonesian Journal of Medicine (2020), 05(04): 299-307
https://doi.org/10.26911/theijmed.2020.05.04.05.
References
Ahmed T (2017). Burden of undernutrition and overweight/obesity – Policy and programme in Bangladesh. Dhaka: Nutrition and Clinical Services Divi-sion International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research Bangladesh.
Anonymous (2010). Promoting optimal monitoring using the New WHO Growth Charts. Canada: Dietitians of Canada and Canadian Paediatric Society.
Beckett DM, Meldrum AM (2018). Health and wellbeing of under-five year olds in the South Island 2017. New Zealand: New Zealand Child and Youth Epidemiology Service.
Campoy C, Campos D, Cerdó T, Diéguez E, Garciá-Santos JA (2018). Complementary feeding in developed coun-tries: the 3 ws (when, what, and why?). Ann Nutr Metab, 73 (1): 27–36. https://doi.org/10.1159/000490-086.
Davanzo R, Bua J, Travan L (2016). Human Milk and Formulas for Neonatal Nutrition. Neonatology: 1–30. https://-doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-18159-2_-185-2.
Hopkins D, Steer CD, Northstone K, Emmett PM (2015). Effects on child-hood body habitus of feeding large volumes of cow or formula milk compared with breastfeeding in the latter part of infancy. Am J Clin Nutr, 102(5): 1096–1103. https://dx.doi.-org/10.3945%2Fajcn.114.100529.
Lanigan J (2020). Interventions to improve nutrition in urban areas prevention of overweight and obesity in early life proceedings of the nutrition society proceedings of the nutrition society. Proc Nutr Soc, 77 (5): 247–256.
Mallan KM, Daniels LA, Byrne R (2018). Comparing barriers to breastfeeding success in the first month for non-overweight and overweight women. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 18, 461 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1186/s128-84-018-2094-5.
Owen CG, Martin RM, Whincup PH, Daveysmith G, Gillman MW, Cook DG (2005). The effect of breastfeeding on mean body mass index throughout life: a quantitative review of published and unpublished observational evi-dence. Am J Clin Nutr, 82(6): 1298–1307. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/82.6.1298.
Savino F, Fissore MF, Liguori SA, Oggero R (2009). Can hormones contained in mothers milk account for the beneficial effect of breast-feeding on obesity in children?. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf), 71: 757–765. https://doi.org/-10.1111/j.1365-2265.2009.03585.x.
Synaii S (2019). Growth indices of exclusi-vely breastfed until 6 months age and formula fed infants in Southwest of Iran. Int J Prev Med, 10 (207): 1–5. https://dx.doi.org/10.4103%2Fijpvm.IJPVM_36_18.
Taha Z, Garemo M, Nanda J (2020). Com-plementary feeding practices among infants and young children in Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates. BMC Public Health, 20(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-020-09393-y.
Toftlund LH, Halken S, Agertoft L, Zacha-riassen G (2018). Early nutrition and signs of metabolic syndrome at 6 y of age in children born very preterm. Am J Clin Nutr, 107 (1): 717–724. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/nqy015.
Walsh A, Kearney L, Dennis N (2015). Factors influencing first-time mothers’ introduction of complementary foods: A qualitative exploration. BMC Public Health, 15(1). https://dx.doi.org/10.1186%2Fs12889-015-2250-z.
Wilson (2008). Food and nutrition guide-lines for healthy adults: A background paper. https://www.nzihf.co.nz/media-resources-1/articles/personal%-20training-nutrition-guidelines-adults.
WHO (2020). Childgrowth. Global Health Observatory (GHO) data: World Health Organization.
