The Effect of Toluene Exposure on Central Nervous Disorder among Printing Workers
Abstract
Background: The use of toluene in printing dominates the use of metal chemicals. Toluene is used in 75% of printing work activities. Accumulation of toluene concentrations in printing can cause health problems to workers. The purpose of this study was to analyze the effect of toluene exposure on central nervous system disorders in printing industry workers.
Subjects and Method: This study was cross-sectional in the printing industry in Medan, North Sumatra. The population consists of 50 people with consecutive sampling technique sampling. Data on subjective symptoms of central nervous system disorders were measured by the German version of the Q18 questionnaire. The data were analyzed using multiple logistic regression tests.
Results: Subjective symptoms of central nervous system disorders increased with tenure ≥2 years (OR = 4.19; p = 0.018) and smoking (OR = 8.91; p = 0.001). Subjective symptoms of central nervous system disorders decreased with age ≤30 years (OR = 0.17; p = 0.004), female sex (OR = 0.50; p = 0.002).
Conclusions: The most dominant variable affecting the subjective symptoms of central nervous system disorders is the smoking habit variable with a probability value of 0.92 or 92%.
Keywords: subjective symptoms, central nervous system disorders, workers, a printing industry
Correspondence: Samuel Marganda. Department of Environmental Health, Faculty of Public Health, Universitas Sumatera Utara, Medan, North Sumatera. Email: samuelmarganda@yahoo.co.id. Mobile: 085362985340.
Indonesian Journal of Medicine (2018), 3(3): 125-133
https://doi.org/10.26911/theijmed.2018.03.03.01
References
Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (2000). Toxicological profile for toluene. Georgia. http://-www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxprofiles.
Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (2001), Toluene Toxicity, Georgia http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/-csem/toluene/index.html
Agustina U (2013). Hubungan toluen dengan kadar hippurat urin dan keluhan SSP pada pekerja bengkel, FKM, UNAIR
American Conference of Govermental In-dustrial Hygienists (1995). Docu-mentation of The Threshold Limit Values (TLVs) and Biological Expo-sure Indices (BEIs), Washington.
American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienist (ACGIH) (2005), TLV® and BEI® documenttion of the threshold limit values for chemical substances and physical agents and biological expo-sure indices, ACGIH, USA.
American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienist (ACGIH) (2008), TLV® and BEI® Based on the Documentation of the Threshold Limit Values for Chemical Substances and Physical Agents and Biolo-gical Exposure Indices, ACGIH, USA
Azari MR, Konjin ZN, Pours ZFS, Seyedi MD (2012). Occupational Exposure of Petroleum Depot Workers to BTX Compounds, The International Jour-nal of Occupational Environmental Medicine (IJOEM), 3: 9-44.
Batticaca F (2008). Asuhan keperawatan pada klien gangguan sistem per-sarafan. Jakarta: SalembaMedika
BPOM RI (2001). Aspek fundamental kajian dan pengendalian risiko bahan kimia. Direktorat Pengawasan Produk dan Bahan Berbahaya. Deputi Bidang Pengawasan Keamanan Pangan dan Bahan Berbahaya, Jakarta.
Chang CJ, Chen CJ, Lien CH, Sung FC, (2006). Hearing loss in workers ex-posed to toluene and noise. Environ-mental Health Perspectives. 114(8).
Darwati (2004). Analisis gejala neuro-psikologis pada pengguna toluen di unit TBK (Aircraft Cabin Base Main-tenance) PT. Garuda Meintenance Facility Aero Asia Cengkareng, Depok.
Darmono (2011), Drug on the central nervous system, Bogor.
Depkes RI, (2008), Profil Kesehatan Indonesia, Jakarta.
Draper THJ, Bamiou DE (2009). Auditory neuropathy in a patient exposed to xylene: case report. The Journal of Laryngology & Otology, 123:462–465.
Ekaputri S (2012). Hubungan paparan toluen dengan kadar asam hipurat urine pekerja pengecetan mobil (studi pada bengkel mobil informal di Karasak, Kota Bandung). Fakul-tasTeknikSipildanLingkungan. ITB
Environmental Protection Agency (1991), Human health evaluation manual supplemental guidance, Standart Default Exposure Factor. Washington DC.
Environmental Protection Agency (2005), Integrated Risk Information System: Toluene, http://www.epa.gov/NCEA/iris/
EPA, (2003), Toxicological Review of Xylenes, In Support of Summary Information on the Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS), U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Washington, D.C
Gamble JF (2000).Low-level hydrocarbon solvent exposure and neuro-behavioural effects.Occup Med, vol 50:81-102, London
George D.Clayton& Florence D. Clayton, (1994), Patty’s Industrial Hygiene & Toxicology. 4th edisi vol. 11 Part B.A Willey_Interscience Publication. John Willey & Sons Inc
Gilron I, Watson CPN, Cahill CM, Moulin DE (2006). Neuropathic pain: a practical guide for the clinician. Canadian Medical Association Jour-nal, 175:265–275. doi: 10.1503/cm-aj.060146.
Huang CC (2008). Polyneuropathy Indu-ced by n-Hexane Intoxication in Taiwan. ActaNeurol Taiwan, 17 (1):3-1
Ihrig A, Triebig G, Dietz MC (2001). Evaluation of a modified German version of the Q16 Questionnaire for neurotoxic symptoms in workers exposed to solvents, Germany.
International Association for the Study of Pain (2011).IASP pain terminology. Washington, DC: International Association for the Study of Pain. Retrieved from www.iasppain.org/-AM/Template.cfm.Section.Pain_Definitions.
International Programme on Chemical Safety (IPCS), (2000). Environmen-tal Health Criteria 214 Human Expo-sure Assessment, IOMC,WHO, Geneva
International Programme on Chemical Safety (IPCS), (2000), Air Quality Guidelines Toluene, WHO, Geneva, http://www.euro.who.intdocumentaiq514toluen.pdf
Kolluru RV, Bartell SM, Pitblado RM and Stricoff RS, (1996), Risk Assessment and Management Handbook: For Environmental Health and Safety Professionals, New York, McGraw-Hill
La Dou J (2004). Occupational and Envi-ronmental Medicine, San Francico.
Lemeshow S (1997). Besar Sampel Dalam Penelitian Kesehatan, GadjahMada University Press, Yogyakarta.
Lestari F, Kurniawidjaja LM, Tejamaya M (2008). Laporan akhir kajian risiko kesehatan kerja pada pekerja yang terpajan benzena, toluene dan xyle-na (BTX) Departemen Laboratorium K3 FKM UI dan Direktorat Bina Kesehatan Kerja Depkes RI.
Louvar FL and Louvar BD (1998). Health and environmental risk analysis: Fundamental with application, Volume 2, New Jersey, Prentice Hall PTR
Lubman DI, Yucel M, Lawrence AJ (2008). Inhalant abuse among ado-lescents: neurobiological considera-tions. British Journal of Pharma-cology, 154:316–326.
Mansyur M (2007). Manajemen Risiko Kesehatan, Majalah Kedokteran Indonesia, 57(10).
Martyn C, Hughes RAC (1998). Peripheral neuropathies. London: BMJ
Chen MS, Chan A (1999).China’s ‘Market Economics in Command’: Footwear Workers’ Health in Jeopardy. Inter-national Journal of HealthServices, 29(4): 793–811.
Mukono (2005). Toksikologi Lingkungan. Surabaya: Airlangga University Press.
Newman MJ (2012). Classification of diseases and conditions affecting the periodontium, In: Newman, Takei, Klokkerold, Carranza. Car-ranza’s Clinical Periodontology. 11 th Ed, 34-54.
Nusanti S (2007). Efek pajanan toluene pada tingkat apoptosis dan fungsi mitokondria self otoreseptor serta retinal pigment epithelium tikus, FK UI, Jakarta.
Ovina Y (2013). Hubungan Pola Makan, Olahraga dan Merokok terhadap Prevalensi Penyakit Stroke Non Hemorgik di PoliSaraf RSUD Raden Mattaher Jambi Tahun 2013. Jambi Medical Journal. Jambi
Palar H (2008). Pencemaran dan Toksi-kologi Logam Berat. Jakarta: PT. Rineka Cipta.
Palencia G, Hernandez-Pedro N, Saave-dra-Perez D, Pena-Curiel O, Plata AO, Ordonez G, Flores-Estrada D, Sotelo J,Arrieta O (2014). Retinoic acid reduces solvent-induced neuro-pathy and promotes neural regene-ration in mice. J. Neurosci. Res., 92:1062–1070. doi: 10.1002/jnr.-23376
Peraturan Menteri Tenaga Kerja dan Transmigrasi Nomor Per. 13/ Men/ X/2011 Tahun 2011 tentang nilai ambang batas faktor fisika dan faktor kimia di tempat kerja.
Pratamasari F (2015). Kejadian Neuropati Saraf Tepi pada Pekerja Percetakan Offset yang Terpajan Toluen Inha-lasi, Gadjah Mada University Press, Yogyakarta.
Rahman A (2010). Prinsip-prinsip dasar dan metode analisis risiko kese-hatan lingkungan dalam bahan ajar pelatihan teknik dan manajemen analisis dampak kesehatan ling-kungan bagi petugas kesehatan, balai besar teknik kesehatan lingkungan dan pemberantasan penyakit menular Yogyakarta.
Ropper AH, Samuels MA (2000).Disease of peripheral nerve. Adams &Victor’s Principles of Neurology (7 th Edi-tion). New York: The McGraw Hill
Rusdy MDR (2012). Analisis gejala neurotoksik akibat pajanan pelarut organik xylene pada pekerja pembuatan cat di PT X [Thesis]. Depok: Universitas Indonesia;.
Sentra Informasi Keracunan Nasional (SiKerNas) Pusat Informasi Obat dan Makanan, Badan POM RITahun 2012
Smeltzer CS, Bare GB (2002). Buku Ajar KeperawatanMedikal-Baedah, Jakarta : EGC
Sophianita (2003), Hubungan antara Kadar Asam Hipurat Urin Akibat Pajanan Toluen dengan Efek Kesehatan Akut pada Tenaga Kerja Percetakan “X”, FK UI, Jakarta.
Suma’mur (2009). Higiene Perusahaan dan Keselamatan Kerja. Jakarta: CV SagungSeto.
Svendsen, K, Rognes, K, 2000, Exposure To Organic Solvents in The Offset Printing Industry, Norway, Annals of Occupational Hygiene 44(2):119-24, April 2000.
Tarwoto, Wartonah, Suryati, E. S, (2007), Keperawatan Medikal Bedah Gangguan Sistem Persyarafan, Jakarta: EGC.
Toluene Tox Guide-Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry. https://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxguides/toxguide-56.pdf
Widada B (2000). Pengenalan Alat Kro-matografi Gas, AlatAnalis, ISSN 1852-4777, URANIA,No.23-24
Wulandari D (2017). Hubungan pajanan senyawa benzena dengan kadar trans-trans muconic acid dalam urin pengrajin sepatu di kelurahan Tambak Oso Wilangun Surabaya, Universitas Airlangga.
Yuksel G, Karlikaya G, Tutkavul K, Yil-dirim B, Orken C, Tireli H (2007). Clinical and electrodiagnostic find-ings of n-hexane neuropathy. J NeurolSci [Turk]. 24:219-225
